1. Pfungwa yezvirwere zvezvirimwa
Chirwere chekudyara chiitiko umo maitiro akajairwa echirimwa anokanganiswa zvakanyanya uye anoratidza kusaenzana mune physiology uye chitarisiko nekuda kwekukanganiswa kunoramba kuripo nehutachiona hwepathogenic kana mamiriro akashata ezvakatipoteredza, kusimba kweiyo inodarika dhigirii iro chirimwa chinogona kushivirira. Kutsauka uku kubva kune yakajairika mamiriro echirimwa ndiko kuitika kwechirwere. Mhedzisiro yezvirwere zvechirimwa pane chirimwa physiological mabasa anonyanya kuratidzwa mune zvinotevera zvinomwe zvinhu:
Kutorwa uye kugezwa kwemvura nemamineral: Zvirwere zvinogona kudzivirira midzi yechirimwa kubva pakutora mvura nemaminerari, zvichikanganisa kutakurwa kwemvura uye zvinovaka muviri.
Photosynthesis: Zvirwere zvinogona kukanganisa photosynthetic kushanda kwemashizha ezvirimwa uye kuderedza kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvephotosynthetic.
Kufambiswa kwezvokudya uye kutakura: Zvirwere zvinogona kukanganisa kutamisa kwakajairwa uye kutakura kwezvinovaka muviri muchirimwa.
Kukura uye kukura mwero: Zvirwere zvinogona kutadzisa kukura nekukura kwezvirimwa.
Kuunganidza uye kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa (goho): zvirwere zvinogona kuderedza goho rechirimwa uye kukanganisa kudzoka kwehupfumi.
Digestion, hydrolysis uye kushandiswazve kwezvigadzirwa (mhando): Zvirwere zvinogona kukanganisa kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa, zvichiita kuti zvisanyanya kukosha mumusika.
Kufema: Zvirwere zvinogona kuwedzera kufema kwechirimwa uye kudya zvakanyanya organic zvinhu.
2. Mhando dzezvirwere zvezvirimwa
Kune marudzi mazhinji ezvirwere zvezvirimwa zvine zvakasiyana etiologic zvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvirwere zvezvirimwa zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvezvirwere zvinopinda uye zvisina-invasive zvichienderana nerudzi rwechikonzero.
Zvirwere zvinotapukira
Zvirwere zvinopinda zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwepathogenic, hunogona kuparadzirwa kuburikidza nekudyara-ku-chirimwa kusangana, zvipembenene, uye mamwe mavector. Zvirwere zvakadaro zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:
Zvirwere zvefungal: zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nefungi, zvakadai segrey mold yematomatisi. Zvirwere zvefungal zvinowanzoonekwa necrosis, kuora, uye mildew pamiti yemiti.
Zvirwere zvebhakitiriya: zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya, zvakadai semvura yebhakitiriya muchero nzvimbo chirwere. Zvirwere zvemabhakitiriya zvinowanzoonekwa nemavara ane mvura, kuora, uye kubuda kwepus.
Nematode zvirwere: zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nematodes, zvakadai sematomato root-knot nematode chirwere. Zvirwere zveNematode zvinowanzoratidzwa segall pamidzi, chirimwa dwarfing, zvichingodaro.
Zvirwere zvehutachiona: zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi, senge tomato yellow leaf curl virus chirwere. Zvirwere zvehutachiona zvinowanzoratidzwa semashizha emaruva, kuderera, nezvimwe.
Zvirwere zveparasitic plant: zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nezvirimwa zveparasitic, zvakadai sechirwere chedodder. Zvirwere zveparasitic zvinowanzoitika neparasitic chirimwa chinozviputira chakatenderedza chirimwa chinosveta kudya kwacho.
Zvirwere zvisina utachiona
Zvirwere zvisingapindiki zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipa ezvakatipoteredza kana matambudziko nemuti wacho pachawo. Zvirwere zvakadaro zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:
Hereditary or physiological Diseases: zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nechirimwa chega genetic factor kana congenital defects.
Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwezvinhu zvemuviri: Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro emuviri senge tembiricha yepamusoro kana kuderera kwemhepo, mhepo, mvura, mheni, chimvuramabwe, zvichingodaro.
Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwemakemikari zvinhu: Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nekuwanda kana kusakwana kwehuwandu hwemafetiraiza, kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye ivhu rine chepfu, kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemishonga yezvipembenene nemakemikari.
Notes
Zvirwere zvinotapukira: zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwepathogenic (zvakadai sefungi, mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, nematodes, miti yeparasitic, nezvimwewo), iyo inotapukira.
Zvirwere zvisingatapukirwe: Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka kana matambudziko echirimwa, asingatapuki.
3. Kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvemiti
Mushure mekuitika kwezvirwere zvezvirimwa, chinhu chekutanga kuita kutonga kwakaringana kwechirimwa chinorwara, kuitira kupa mazano akakodzera ekudzora kuderedza kurasikirwa kunokonzerwa nezvirwere zvezvirimwa.
Diagnostic maitiro
Nzira yekuongororwa kwechirwere chechirimwa kazhinji inosanganisira:
Kuzivikanwa uye kutsanangurwa kwezviratidzo zvechirwere chezvirimwa: Tarisa uye nyora zviratidzo zvechirwere zvinoratidzwa nechirimwa.
Kubvunzurudza nhoroondo yechirwere uye kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zvakakosha: kudzidza nezve nhoroondo yechirwere chechirimwa uye ruzivo rwakakodzera.
Sampling uye kuongorora (microscopy uye dissection): Unganidza sampuli dzezvirimwa zvine chirwere kuti zviongorore uye kupatsanurwa.
Ita chaiwo bvunzo: Ita chaiwo bvunzo, senge makemikari ongororo kana biological bvunzo, sezvinodiwa.
Dhirosa mhedziso uchishandisa nhanho-ne-nhanho kubvisa: tsvaga chikonzero chechirwere nhanho-nhanho nekubvisa.
Mutemo waKoch.
Kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvinopinda uye kuzivikanwa kwehutachiona hunofanirwa kusimbiswa nekutevera Mutemo waKoch, unotsanangurwa pazasi:
Kuvapo kwepathogenic microorganism kunowanzo kuperekedza chirimwa chinorwara.
Iyi microorganism inogona kuparadzaniswa uye kucheneswa pane yakasarudzika kana yekugadzira midhiya kuti iwane yakachena tsika.
Tsika yakachena inoiswa pamuti une hutano hwemhando imwe chete uye chirwere chine zviratidzo zvakafanana chinoonekwa.
Tsika yakachena inowanikwa nekuwedzera kuparadzaniswa kubva kune inoculated chirwere chirimwa chine maitiro akafanana neinoculum.
Kana iyi nhanho ina-nhanho yekuzivikanwa ikaitwa uye humbowo hwakasimba hunowanikwa, iyo microorganism inogona kusimbiswa sepathogen yayo.
Notes
Mutemo waKoch: nzira ina dzekuziva hutachiona hwakakurudzirwa neGerman microbiologist Koch, yaishandiswa kuratidza kuti microorganism ndiyo pathogen yechimwe chirwere.
Nzira dzekudzivirira zvirwere zvezvirimwa
Kudzora kwechirwere chezvirimwa kushandura hukama pakati pezvirimwa, hutachiona uye nharaunda kuburikidza nekupindira kwevanhu, kuderedza huwandu hwehutachiona, kuderedza pathogenicity yavo, kuchengetedza nekuvandudza kudzivirira kwezvirwere zvezvirimwa, kugadzirisa nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza, kuitira kuzadzisa chinangwa kudzora zvirwere.
Comprehensive control matanho
Mukutonga kwakabatanidzwa, isu tinofanirwa kutora kutonga kwekurima sehwaro, uye zvine musoro uye zvakazara matanho e phytosanitary, kushandiswa kwekurwisa chirwere, kudzora kwehupenyu, kutonga kwemuviri uye kutonga kwemakemikari zvinoenderana nenguva nenzvimbo, uye kubata tupukanana twakawanda panguva imwe chete. . Matanho aya anosanganisira:
Phytosanitary: kudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere nembeu, mbesa, nezvimwe.
Kushandiswa kwezvirwere zvekudzivirira: kusarudza nekusimudzira mhando dzemhando dzezvirwere.
Biological control: kushandisa vavengi venyama kana zvipenyu zvinobatsira kudzora zvirwere.
Physical control: kudzora chirwere nenzira dzemuviri dzakadai sekudzora tembiricha nehunyoro.
Kudzora kwemakemikari: kushandisa zvine musoro kwemishonga yezvipembenene kudzora zvirwere.
Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwakazara kweaya matanho ekudzora, chirwere chinogona kudzorwa zvakanaka, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa nekuda kwezvirwere.
Notes
Phytosanitary: Matanho ekudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona nembeu, mbesa, nezvimwewo, nechinangwa chekuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvezvirimwa uye kuchengetedza kwekurima.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-28-2024
